Resumen Antecedentes: la fragilidad se caracteriza por la pérdida de reservas biológicas y la vulnerabilidad a resultados adversos. Una intervención con efectos beneficiosos sobre la prevención y el manejo de la fragilidad es la práctica regular de actividad física (AF). Objetivo: caracterizar los niveles de AF y tiempo sedente en personas mayores con fragilidad. Metodología: se incluyó a 232 personas mayores de 60 años de la región metropolitana, participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017. La fragilidad se evaluó en base a los criterios de la escala de fenotipos de Fried y el nivel de AF y tiempo sedentario con el cuestionario Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ v2). Los niveles de AF según el fenotipo de fragilidad se determinaron con análisis de regresión lineal. Resultados y conclusiones: las personas mayores con fragilidad realizan menos AF total (β = -292,6 min/día [IC 95 %: 399,5; -185,7], p = 0,001), laboral (β = -5821,8 min/día [IC 95 %: 8680,8; -2962,8], p = 0,001), de transporte (β = -68,0 min/día [IC 95 %: -105,4; -30,62], p = 0,001). También se observó menor cantidad de AF moderada (β = -137,7 min/día [IC 95 %: -202,0; -73,5], p = 0,001); vigorosa (β = -43,4 min/día [IC 95 %: -81,6; -5,20], p = 0,026) y mayor tiempo sedente (β = 3,55 hora/día [IC 95 %: -1,97; 5,14 ], p = 0,001). Las personas mayores frágiles presentan niveles más bajos de AF en comparación con sus pares sin fragilidad. Considerando que la población chilena experimentará un aumento en el número de personas mayores, es imprescindible implementar medidas preventivas que permitan retrasar la aparición de la fragilidad, como fomentar la práctica de AF en todos sus niveles.

Abstract Background: fragility is characterized by loss of biological reserves and vulnerability to adverse outcomes. An intervention with beneficial effects on the prevention and management of frailty is the regular practice of physical activity (PA). Objective: to determine the association between levels of PA, sedentary time and frailty in older Chileans by sex. Methodology: 232 people over 60 years of age from the metropolitan region participating in the National Health Survey 2016-2017 were included. Frailty was assessed based on the Fried Phenotype Scale criteria and PA level and sedentary time with the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ v2). The association between levels of PA with the different states of frailty was investigated with linear regression analysis. Results and conclusion: elderly people with frailty have less total PA (β = -292.6 min/day [95 % CI: 399.5; -185.7], p = 0.001), occupational PA (β = -5821.8 min/day [95 % CI: 8680.8, -2962.8], p = 0.001), transportation (β = -68.0 min/day [95 % CI: -105.4, -30.62], p = 0.001). A lower amount of moderate AF was also found (β = -137.7 min/day [95 % CI: -202.0, -73.5], p = 0.001); vigorous (β = -43.4 min/day [95 % CI: -81.6; -5.20], p = 0.026) and longer time seated (β = 3.55 hours/day [95 % CI: - 1.97, 5.14], p = 0.001). Frail older people have lower PA levels compared to their peers without frailty. Considering that the Chilean population will experience an increase in the number of older people, it is essential to implement preventive measures to delay the onset of frailty, such as promoting the practice of PA at all levels

Resumen En el cultivo de fresa la reproducción por estolones es la más utilizada debido a su bajo costo, a la cantidad y homogeneidad de las plantas hijas. Aunque, tiene la capacidad de producir estolones naturalmente, se pueden exponer a períodos de vernalización para aumentar el rendimiento y calidad del material de siembra. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la producción de estolones y plantas hijas de las variedades Albión, Festival y Oso Grande expuestas a cuatro temperaturas de vernalización en condiciones de invernadero, en Heredia, Costa Rica, entre setiembre 2018 y febrero 2019. Se cuantificó el número y longitud de estolones; así como, la cantidad de plantas hijas por estolón, de 50 plantas por variedad, expuestas a 0, 250, 500 y 750 h frío a 6 °C. Las tres variables presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con respecto al testigo. Las plantas de todas las variedades produjeron mayor cantidad de estolones al ser vernalizadas. Festival obtuvo el mayor número de plantas por estolón con 250 h frío (5) y Oso Grande con 500 h frío presentó la mayor longitud de estolón, 143 cm. Se concluyó que existe efecto de la vernalización sobre la producción de estolones y plantas hijas según la variedad.

Abstract In strawberry cultivation, reproduction by stolons is the most used due to its low cost, the quantity and homogeneity of the daughter plants. Although it has the ability to produce stolons naturally, they can be exposed to vernalization periods to increase the yield and quality of planting material. This research aimed to determine the production of stolons and daughter plants of the varieties Albión, Festival and Oso Grande exposed to four vernalization temperatures under greenhouse conditions, in Heredia, Costa Rica, between September 2018 and February 2019. The following were quantified: the number and length of stolons; as well as the number of daughter plants per stolon, of 50 plants per variety, exposed to 0, 250, 500 and 750 cold hours at 6 °C. The three variables showed statistically significant differences with respect to the control. Plants of all varieties produced more stolons when vernalized. Festival obtained the highest number of plants per stolon with 250 cold hours (5) and Oso Grande with 500 cold hours had the longest stolon length, 143 cm. It was concluded that there is an effect of vernalization on the production of stolons and daughter plants depending on the variety.

SUMMARY: Digital educational resources have become an important material to support the teaching-learning process, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. These correspond to self-learning resources, generally online and the public domain, whose immediate availability to all types of electronic devices allows for rapid learner interaction with programmed didactic materials. The public domain and its immediate availability to all types of electronic devices allows a quick interaction of the student with self-explanatory didactic materials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of satisfaction of five digital educational resources, developed as support tools for the teaching of general pathology, in undergraduate students of the health area of the Universidad Austral de Chile. Descriptive and exploratory study. Five digital educational resources have been developed where microscopic images corresponding to pathological processes occurring in different tissues are visualized these resources were hosted in university repositories and uploaded to the YouTube channel. To determine the degree of satisfaction, in their pedagogical and technical aspects, an anonymous and voluntary digital survey was carried out among students taking pathology courses, which included four domains with their respective questions: form; user control; educational content and overall assessment. The 94 % of the students evaluated the resource as excellent or very good and all domains obtained over 80 % satisfaction. The contents represent what the resource says it offers, helps to resolve doubts and facilitates the understanding of the subject. The size and color of the text is adequate, and the images present excellent quality and resolution. The resources developed offer a high technical and pedagogical quality, which guarantees a great potential for use in the teaching of general pathology, guiding the student's autonomous work and practical activities with the microscope.

RESUMEN: Los recursos educativos digitales se han transformado en un importante material de apoyo al proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje, especialmente durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Estos corresponden a recursos de autoaprendizaje, generalmente en línea y de dominio público cuya disponibilidad inmediata a todo tipo de dispositivos electrónicos permite una rápida interacción del estudiante con materiales didácticos programados. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el grado de satisfacción de cinco recursos educativos digitales, desarrollados como herramientas de apoyo para la enseñanza de la patología general, en estudiantes de carreras de pregrado del área de la salud de la Universidad Austral de Chile. Estudio descriptivo y exploratorio. Se desarrollaron cinco recursos educativos digitales donde se visualizan imágenes microscópicas correspondientes a procesos patológicos ocurridos en diferentes tejidos. Estos recursos fueron alojados en repositorios de la universidad y se encuentran actualmente disponibles en el canal de YouTube. Para conocer el grado de satisfacción, en sus aspectos pedagógicos y técnicos, se realizó una encuesta digital, anónima y voluntaria a estudiantes que cursaron asignaturas de patología, la que contempló cuatro dominios con sus respectivas preguntas: forma; control de usuario; contenido educativo y valoración global. El 94 % de los estudiantes calificaron el recurso de excelente o muy bueno y todos los dominios obtuvieron sobre el 80 % de satisfacción. Los contenidos representan lo que el recurso dice ofrecer, ayuda a resolver dudas y facilita la comprensión de la materia. El tamaño y color del texto es el adecuado y las imágenes presentan una excelente calidad y resolución. Los recursos cumplen con una alta calidad técnica y pedagógica, que asegura un gran potencial de uso para la enseñanza de la patología general, guiar el trabajo autónomo del estudiante y las actividades prácticas con el microscopio.

Resumen En Chile no se han desarrollado investigaciones sobre la formación del profesorado de Educación Física que consideren el análisis de la matrícula desde la perspectiva de género. Con el propósito de atender esta cuestión, el presente trabajo se ha fijado como objetivo describir, desde la perspectiva de género, el comportamiento de las matrículas femeninas y masculinas en los estudios de Pedagogía en Educación Física en las universidades chilenas, a partir de un enfoque cuantitativo, con diseño no experimental, retrospectivo y de alcance exploratorio-descriptivo, que analizó datos sobre la matrícula en Pedagogía en Educación Física en el periodo comprendido desde el año 2005 hasta 2019; se empleó información de fuentes oficiales de acceso abierto. Los resultados del análisis de las matrículas femeninas muestran un comportamiento que tiende a una disminución sistemática en la elección de las mujeres por esta carrera, lo que presenta una importante brecha negativa de género, que no es concordante con el comportamiento de las carreras del área pedagógica en general, ni con la matrícula de las instituciones de nivel superior. Así, se reporta una clara hegemonía de las matrículas masculinas para las carreras de Pedagogía en Educación Física en Chile.

Abstract Chile has not yet conducted studies on physical education teacher training programs which examine enrollment trends for that college major based on a gender approach. This study examines female and male enrollment trends for physical education teacher training programs throughought Chile´s universities. The study was executed using a quantitative approach with a non-experimental, retrospective and exploratory-descriptive design. Data pertaining to college training programs spanning 2005 to 2109 was used from official open-access sources. Study results of the study, reveal a reduction in the number of women that enroll to become PE Teacher-Training majors, thereby emphasizing a significant gender gap inconsistent with teacher training programs in other disciplines as well as student university enrollment, in general. This is a distinct reflection of the persistence of masculine hegemony in physical education teacher training programs in Chile.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a oferta de esporte e atividade física, as condições para a prática da população e as características da associatividade esportiva, através da aplicação de uma pesquisa aos habitantes de uma cidade chilena, sendo os resultados uma contribuição de pesquisa no contexto do desenvolvimento de um Plano Municipal de Atividade Física e Esporte. Este é um estudo descritivo, exploratório e transversal, no qual uma pesquisa institucional padronizada foi aplicada pessoalmente. A amostra foi por conveniência, mas representativa dos dois setores pesquisados da cidade, com um total de 209 pessoas participantes, homens e mulheres com 15 anos ou mais. Foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas para analisar os dados, utilizando a distribuição de frequência. Os resultados mostram que a percepção do nível de atividade física e o número de instalações esportivas aumentaram, mas ainda são insuficientes. Também é identificada uma alta utilização dos serviços esportivos municipais, sendo o futebol a oferta esportiva mais demandada. Os níveis de participação em organizações esportivas aumentaram em relação à média nacional, mas ainda representam uma baixa porcentagem. Além disso, há uma tendência para que o esporte seja praticado principalmente por indivíduos.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to describe the offer of sports and physical activity, the conditions for the practice of the population; and the characteristics of the sport association capacities, through a survey conducted among the inhabitants of a Chilean city, being the results a research contribution in the context of the elaboration of a Municipal Plan of Physical Activity and Sports. It is a descriptive, exploratory, and cross-sectional work, in which a standardized institutional in-person survey was applied. The sample was for convenience, but representative of the two sectors of the city surveyed, with a total of 209 people participating, men and women who were 15 years old and older. Descriptive statistics using frequency distribution was applied to analyze data. The results indicate that the perception about the level of physical activity practice and the number of sport facilities have increased, but they are still insufficient. A high use of municipal sports services has been also identified, with football being the most demanded sport offer. Regarding levels of participation in sport organizations, these have increased in relation to the national average; however, it still represents a low percentage. In addition, there is a tendency to practice sports preferably on an individual type.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue describir la oferta deportiva y de actividad física, las condiciones para la práctica de la población y las características de la asociatividad deportiva, mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a los habitantes de una ciudad chilena, siendo los resultados un aporte investigativo en el contexto de la elaboración de un Plan Municipal de Actividad Física y de Deportes. Trabajo de tipo descriptivo, exploratorio y de corte transversal, en el cual se aplicó de forma presencial una encuesta estandarizada de tipo institucional. La muestra fue por conveniencia, pero representativa de los dos sectores encuestados de la ciudad, participando un total de 209 personas, hombres y mujeres que tenían 15 años y más. Para analizar los datos, se empleó la estadística descriptiva, utilizando la distribución de la frecuencia. Los resultados señalan que ha aumentado la percepción sobre el nivel de práctica de actividad física y el número de las instalaciones deportivas, pero aún son insuficientes. También se identifica un alto uso de los servicios deportivos municipales, siendo el fútbol la oferta deportiva más demandada. Acerca de los niveles de participación en organizaciones deportivas, estos han aumentado en relación con el promedio nacional, no obstante, representa un bajo porcentaje. Junto a ello, se observa una tendencia a la práctica deportiva preferentemente de tipo individual.

Background: The Chilean population reports high levels of physical inactivity. The relationship between income level, physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors is not well known. Aim: To describe the levels of PA and sedentary time, according to income levels in the Chilean population. Material and Methods: Analysis of data from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017, which included 5,130 participants (52.9% women). The levels of PA and sedentary time were measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Income levels were established according to the self-reported income per capita of the households and presented as quintiles. PA levels according to income levels were estimated by linear regression analyses. Results: Transport-related PA was higher in the lowest income quintiles (p = 0.039). There were no trends for income levels and PA domains including moderate, vigorous, total, occupational and leisure PA. The prevalence of leisure and occupational physical inactivities were higher in the lowest quintiles of income. Sitting time was higher in the higher income levels (p < 0.01). Conclusions: People in the lowest quintile for income spent more time in transport-related PA and less time sitting. However, physical inactivity prevalence during leisure and work time were higher in people with lower income.

ABSTRACT 'Chevignon' is a winter wheat variety developed by ASUR Plant Breeding of France and introduced to Chile by the National Wheat Breeding Program at INIA Carillanca. The variety has medium plant height, intermediate cycle, with resistance to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. tritici Erikss), and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis D.C. f. sp. tritici Marchal), moderate resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici Erikss y Henn) and tolerance to septoria leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) Sand). It is a high yielding winter wheat variety with good quality characteristics for direct baking. It has a prostrate growth habit at seedling stage, with high tillering production. Its leaves are pale green, with a semi-drooping flag leaf. The spike is white, semi-erect, and parallel in shape, compact and without awns. The grain is round, medium-sized, and pale red, with occasional variations in endosperm pigmentation. The adult plant height varies between 105 cm and 110 cm, with an average of 105 cm, and with moderate resistance to lodging. Heading growth stage occurred 5 days later than cultivar Maxwell and 8 to 10 days earlier than 'Bicentenario INIA' and 'Kiron INIA'.

RESUMEN 'Chevignon' es una variedad de trigo de invierno, creada por la empresa ASUR Plant Breeding de Francia e introducida a Chile por el Programa de Mejoramiento de Trigo de INIA Carillanca. Es un trigo de altura mediana, ciclo intermedio, resistente a polvillo estriado (Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. tritici Erikss) y oidio (Blumeria graminis D.C. f. sp. tritici Marchal), moderadamente resistente a polvillo de la hoja (Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici Erikss y Henn) y muy buena tolerancia a septoria (Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) Sand). Es una variedad de alto rendimiento, con buenas características de calidad para panificación directa. Es de hábito de desarrollo invernal, de crecimiento rastrero al estado de plántula y de buena macolla terminal. Sus hojas son de color verde pálido, con hoja bandera semi curvada. La espiga es de color blanco, semi erecta, forma paralela, densidad alta y sin barbas. El grano es de forma redondeada, tamaño mediano, color rojo, pudiendo presentar ocasionalmente ciertos cambios de pigmentación en el endosperma. La altura de planta adulta varía entre 105 y 110 cm, con un promedio de 105 cm, y con una moderada resistencia a la tendedura. Su período vegetativo desde siembra a espigadura es más tardío que 'Maxwell' en alrededor de cinco días y más precoz que 'Bicentenario INIA' y 'Kiron INIA' en aproximadamente 8 a 10 días, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT Background: Falls among older adults are associated with important changes in lifestyle. However, there is no evidence about the physical activity levels of older adults who have experienced falls. The aim of this study, therefore, was to describe physical activity levels in older adults who have experienced falls in the last 12 months. Methods: 1,254 older adults (aged ≥60 years) from the National Health Survey 2009-2010 were included in this study. Number of falls during the last 12 months was self-reported and physical activity was measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). The association between falls and physical activity was investigated using regression analyses. Results: 70.5% [95% CI: 68.0; 72.8] of the older adults included in this study did not report any falls during the last 12 months. However, 19.4% [95% CI: 17.4; 21.5] reported 1-2 falls and 10% [95% CI: 8.4; 11.8] reported ≥3 falls in the last 12 months. In comparison to those who reported no falls, those who experienced ≥3 falls in the last 12 months did 79.2 fewer minutes/day of physical activity. Similar results were found for moderate and transport-related physical activity, but no associations were found for vigorous or sedentary behaviours. Conclusion: Older adults who suffered falls in the last 12 months reported doing less physical activity than their counterparts who did not experience any falls. In the middle and long term, these changes in physical activity could contribute to adverse health outcomes in an already frail population.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Las caídas limitan las actividades de la vida diaria. Actualmente se desconoce cómo los niveles de actividad física (AF) varían luego de sufrir una caída. Objetivo: investigar los niveles de práctica de actividad física de personas mayores que han reportado caídas en los últimos 12 meses. Métodos: Se incluyeron 1.254 participantes ≥ 60 años de Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) 2009-2010. La prevalencia de caídas en los últimos 12 meses se determinó mediante auto reporte. Los niveles de AF y el tiempo sedente se determinaron a través del cuestionario Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). La asociación entre caídas y AF fue investigada mediante regresión lineal. Resultados: El 70,5% [95% IC: 68,0; 72,8] de las personas mayores no reportaron caídas, mientras que un 19,4% [95% IC: 17,4; 21,5] reportó haber sufrido entre 1-2 caídas y un 10% [95% IC: 8,4; 11,8] ≥3 caídas en los últimos 12 meses. En comparación al grupo que reportó no sufrir caídas, aquellos que sufrieron ≥3 caídas realizaban 79,2 minutos menos de AF total/día. Resultados similares fueron observados para AF de transporte y AF moderada. No se encontraron diferencias para tiempo sedente o AF vigorosa. Conclusión: Personas mayores que sufrieron caídas en los últimos 12 meses reportaron realizar menos actividad física que sus contrapartes que no experimentaron caídas. A mediano y largo plazo, estos cambios en la actividad física podrían contribuir a resultados de salud adversos en una población.

Background: Adiposity and education are two independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is limited evidence whether both education and adiposity are associated with T2D in an additive manner in the Chilean population. Aim: To investigate the joint association between adiposity and education with T2D in the Chilean adult population. Material and Methods: Analysis of data of the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017, which included 5,033 participants with a mean age of 43 years, (51% women). Poisson regression analyses with robust standard error were used to investigate the joint association of the education level and general and central adiposity with T2D. The results were reported as Prevalence Ratio and their 95% confidence intervals (PR, 95% CI). Results: Obesity was associated with a higher probability of having T2D in men than in women, however central adiposity was associated with a higher probability of having T2D in women than in men. Compared with men who had higher education (> 12 years) and had normal body weight, those with the same educational level and who were obese had 2.3-times higher probability of having T2D (PR: 2.35 [95% CI: 1.02; 5.39]). For women, having a low education and being obese was associated with 4.4-times higher probability of having T2D compared to those with higher education and normal body mass index (BMI) (PR: 4.47 [95% IC: 2.12; 9.24]). Similar results were observed when waist circumference was used as a marker of obesity rather than BMI. Conclusions: Women and men with higher BMI and low education had a higher risk of T2D. However, this risk was higher in women than in men.

ABSTRACT Regular physical activity (PA) has been associated with important metabolic benefits, as well as a decreased risk of developing some types of cancer. The objective of this scoping review is to synthesize the existing scientific evidence on the association of PA levels and the risk of developing cancer. This will allow a better orientation to future public policies aimed at increasing PA levels in the Chilean population. We searched for the latest global and national reports on PA and cancer as well as scientific databases (Pubmed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, Medline, Scielo and Google Scholar) using the following keywords: “exercise”, “neoplasms”, “cancer”, “colorectal”, “breast”, “endometrium”, “physical activity”, “exercise”, “sedentary lifestyle” and “sports”. Our review supports the protective association between PA and a lower risk of several cancers including colorectal, breast and endometrial cancer. However, more research is still needed to elucidate the role of PA on the risk for other common cancers.

RESUMEN La práctica regular de actividad física (AF) ha sido asociada a importantes beneficios metabólicos, como también a la disminución del riesgo de desarrollar algunos tipos de cáncer. El objetivo de esta revisión especial es sintetizar la evidencia científica existente sobre la asociación de los niveles de AF y el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer. Esto permitirá una mejor orientación a futuras políticas públicas destinada a aumentar los niveles de AF en la población chilena. Se buscaron los últimos reportes mundiales y nacionales sobre AF y cáncer en conjunto con una búsqueda de artículos científicos en las bases de datos de Pubmed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, Medline, Scielo y Google Scholar utilizando las siguientes palabras claves: “Exercise», «Neoplasms», “Cancer”, “Colorectal”, “Breast”, “Endometrium”, “Physical activity”, “Exercise”, “Sedentary” and “Sports”. Esta revisión entrega evidencia sobre la asociación de la AF con un menor riesgo de múltiples tipos de cáncer, incluyendo cáncer colorrectal, mama y endometrio, pero aún se necesita más investigación con relación a la asociación entre AF y otros tipos de cáncer.

Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong predictor of mortality and chronic diseases. However, its estimation is costly and time consuming which may limit it broad use in population-based studies. Aim: To estimate the cardiorespiratory fitness of the Chilean population by using equations and to characterize fitness levels of the Chilean population by sociodemographic factors. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 5,958 adults from the Chilean Health Survey conducted between 2016 and 2017. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated from sex-specific equations for men and women and expressed as METs (Energy Metabolic Equivalent). Fitness levels were characterized by sociodemographics factors (age, sex, education, income and area of residency). Results: Fitness levels were higher in men (9.01 METs) than in women (6.76 METs) and in average decrease by 0.59 and 0.34 METs per each year increment in age for men and women, respectively. Fitness levels were 12.7 METs and 7.8 METs for 20-year-old men and women, respectively. However, fitness levels decreased to 7.8 METs and 4.3 METs in 90-year-old men and women, respectively. Fitness levels were also higher in individuals living in urban setting, those with higher education or income levels and lean individuals. Conclusions: This study reports fitness levels in a nationally representative sample of Chile. Fitness levels were higher in men than women however, its decline with age was more pronounce in men than women.

Background: Handgrip strength is an indicator of frailty in older people. Aim: To determine the prevalence of low handgrip strength in older Chilean adults. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of 244 individuals aged 60 years or more, participating in the 2016-2017 Chilean National Health Survey, was carried out. Handgrip strength was evaluated by a hand dynamometer and low grip strength was determined as a grip strength ≤ 15 kg and ≤ 27 kg for women and men, respectively. Results: Twenty nine percent of participants had low grip strength. The average grip strength among 60-year-old men and women was 34.7 and 22.1 kg, respectively. These figures decreased to 28.8 kg and 17.2 kg among 90-year-old men and women, respectively. The prevalence of low grip strength in men and women aged 60 years was 18%. In 90-year-old men and women, these figures increased to 79% and 56.3%, respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of low grip strength increased substantially with age.

Introduction: Duodenal lesions are infrequent. Aim: To characterize patients with duodenal lesions observed between January 2008 and December 2013 at the Southern Metropolitan Health Service, in Santiago, Chile. Materials and Method: Data were obtained from the Barros Luco Trudeau Hospital and El Pino Hospital records. The patients included were those observed between January 2008 and December 2013. Age, gender, clinical characteristics, location, diagnostic methods, anatomopathological findings and treatment were analyzed. On April 24th 2019 was obtained the date of death of all patients at the National Civil Registry. The statistical analysis was performed with the software STATA 15.1. Results: 157 patients with duodenal lesions were found, 65 presented duodenal adenocarcinoma and 71 patients had duodenal polyps, 25 of them were adenomas. Univariate analysis of survival showed that patients with polyps associated with carcinoma and duodenal adenocarcinomas had a lower survival rate (p = 0.013, HR 6.584 y p < 0.001, HR 7.604, respectively). In patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma, those who underwent surgery with curative intent, and those who receive chemotherapy had a better overall survival than those who did not received therapy (p < 0.001, HR 0.351 y p = 0.001, HR 0.276, respectively). Discussion: We propose endoscopic study in at-risk populations and treatment with curative intent for patients with duodenal adenocarcinoma without distant metastases. The estimated incidence of duodenal adenocarcinoma in our population is 1.1 per 100,000 inhabitants and seem to be higher than other published.

Resumen Introducción: Las lesiones duodenales son infrecuentes. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con lesiones duodenales observados entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2013 en el Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Sur, en Santiago de Chile. Materiales y Método: Se obtuvieron los datos de los registros del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau y Hospital El Pino. Los pacientes incluidos fueron los observados entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2013. Se analizaron edad, género, características clínicas, localización, métodos diagnósticos, hallazgos anatomopatológicos y tratamiento. El 24 de abril de 2019 se obtuvo la fecha de fallecimiento de todos los pacientes del Registro Civil. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software STATA 15.1. Resultados: Se encontraron 157 pacientes con lesiones duodenales, 65 presentaron adenocarcinoma duodenal y 71 pacientes pólipos duodenales, 25 de ellos fueron adenomas. Análisis univariado de sobrevida evidenció que los pacientes con pólipos asociado a carcinoma y los adenocarcinomas duodenales, presentaron una sobrevida inferior (p = 0,013, HR 6,584 y p < 0,001, HR 7,604, respectivamente). En los pacientes con adenocarcinoma duodenal, aquellos que se sometieron a una cirugía con intención curativa, y aquellos que recibieron quimioterapia tuvieron una sobrevida global mejor que aquellos que no recibieron terapia (p < 0,001, HR 0,351 y p = 0,001, HR 0,276, respectivamente. Discusión: La incidencia estimada del adenocarcinoma duodenal en nuestra población es de 1,1 por cada 100.000 habitantes, la que es más alta que otras publicadas. Proponemos estudio endoscópico en poblaciones de riesgo y tratamiento con intención curativa para los pacientes con adenocarcinoma duodenal sin metástasis a distancia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Determining level of physical activitY (PA) can be done with objective measurement, through accelerometer, or by subjective measurement through self-report questionnaire. The aim of this study was to compare PA measurements derived from a self-reported questionnaire and accelerometer according to sociodemographic factors in the Chilean population. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which included 230 Chilean adults participating in the GENADIO study (Genes, Environment, Diabetes and Obesity). PA levels were measured through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and GT1M accelerometer (ActiTrainer, ActiGraph). Results: IPAQ questionnaire underestimated the total PA levels compared to the accelerometer measurement (delta[IPAQ-Acel.]= −55.7 min/day). According to educational level, IPAQ questionnaire overestimated PA level in people with low educational level (delta[IPAQ-Accel.]= 70.4 min/day), but underestimated total PA in people with secondary education or university technician (delta[IPAQ-Accel.]=-67.9 and-135.6 min/day, respectively). Similar results were observed for the different levels of socioeconomic income. Conclusion: The IPAQ questionnaire underestimated total PA levels compared to accelerometer; however, these differences varied according to sociodemographic factors.

RESUMEN Introducción: La determinación del nivel de actividad física (AF) puede realizarse a través de acelerómetro o mediante cuestionario de auto-reporte. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los niveles de AF entre un cuestionario de auto-reporte y la medición con acelerómetro de movimiento según factores sociodemográficos en la población chilena. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó a 230 adultos chilenos participantes del proyecto Genes, Ambiente, Diabetes y Obesidad (GENADIO). Niveles de AF fueron medidos mediante el cuestionario Internacional Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) y acelerómetro de movimiento (ActiGraph). Resultados: IPAQ subestimó los niveles de AF total en comparación a la medición con acelerómetro (delta [IPAQ-Acel.]= −55,7 min/día). Según nivel educacional, se evidenció que el cuestionario IPAQ sobreestimó los niveles de AF total en personas con bajo nivel educacional (delta [IPAQ-Acel.]= 70,4 min/día), pero subestimó la AF total en personas con enseñanza media o técnico universitaria (delta [IPAQ-Acel.]= −67,9 y −135,6 min/día, respectivamente). Resultados similares fueron observados para los distintos niveles de ingreso socioeconómico (NSE). Conclusión: El cuestionario de auto-reporte IPAQ subestimó los niveles de AF total en comparación a la medición por acelerómetro; sin embargo, estas diferencias variaron según factores sociodemográficos.